留学文献资料怎么写

当你计划赴美留学并需完成学术论文时,可能会对格式、引用和字数要求感到困惑。本文将为你详解美国常见的APA和MLA论文格式,以及一些基本写作要求。美国论文格式主要包括APA、MLA和Chicago三种。APA适用于教育、心理学和科学领域,ML...
当你计划赴美留学并需完成学术论文时,可能会对格式、引用和字数要求感到困惑。本文将为你详解美国常见的APA和MLA论文格式,以及一些基本写作要求。美国论文格式主要包括APA、MLA和Chicago三种。APA适用于教育、心理学和科学领域,MLA则主要在人文学科中使用,而Chicago/Turabian常用于商业、历史和美术。其中,Chicago相对简单,MLA较为复杂,APA介于两者之间,具体选择由课程教授指定。论文写作前,确保了解教授的明确要求,包括篇幅(通常包括封面、摘要或无需摘要)、部分划分和行距等。APA格式论文需有封面和摘要,从第三页开始正文,MLA则无封面,直接写明学生信息开始。Chicago格式需封面,第二页起写正文,采用脚注形式引用。引用格式方面,APA需包含作者全名、出版年份、文章标题和出版社信息,而MLA和Chicago则要求写全名,书名斜体。在文中引用时,APA使用括号内标注,MLA则在正文后列出详细的参考文献,按照作者姓氏字母顺序排列。写作时,要关注何时需要引用。如果引用超过一词,或者需要阐述和解释他人的观点,都需要标注。同时,确保尊重所有信息来源,即便是常识也需引用,如统计资料和网络资源。最后,毕业论文的写作要点包括章节划分(如引言、文献回顾、方法论等)、字数分配(如Introduction占总字数的25%)以及内容结构,避免使用第一人称,绝对禁止抄袭,务必正确引用。对于约翰·霍普金斯大学教育学院ITGL项目的同学,ACEE的学业辅导服务可以提供帮助。如果你对全球顶尖教育项目ITGL感兴趣,可通过官方****获取更多信息,包括项目详情、申请流程等。英文文献综述的范文对于海外求学的学子,掌握英文文献引用格式至关重要,避免因误操作导致抄袭指控。正确的引用方式包括:首先,了解并遵循期刊指定的引用格式,例如,引用时需注明作者的姓氏和出版年份,如"Butler,2012",并确保在文中清晰标注出处。文章结尾应列出完整参考文献,按作者姓氏或时间顺序排列。若同一作者同年发表多篇文章,需标明序号,如"2012a"、"2012b"。格式示例如下:书籍:Butler, J, Title of Book, publisher, total pages, year of publication (如需指定版本,如2nd ed)期刊文章:Butler, J, "Title of Paper", Title of Journal, volume number, first page - last page, month and year网络资源:Butler, J, Title of Document, URL, date of last revision (务必包含"/"等前缀)记住,每种格式都有其特定要求,确保在写作过程中始终遵循指南。如有任何疑问,欢迎随时私信获取帮助。理解并熟练运用这些规则,将有助于你在学术研究中避免误区,顺利撰写论文。  下面是我为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的 范文 ”的资料,供大家参阅。  英文文献综述范文  How to Write a Literature Review  I The definition of Literature Review  文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研 论文 中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础,就某个专题的 历史 背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述,科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息,了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。  II The purposes of literature review And Its Components  A The Purposes  On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis  On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused  research question  B Its Components  There are six parts in a complete Literature Review  标题与作者(title and author)  摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)  引言(introduction)  述评(review)  结论(conclusion)  参考文献(references)  III Classification of Source Materials  How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources  A: Background sources:  Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and  encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web  B: Primary sources  Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,  biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields too  many results, refine your search by narrowing down your search  C: Secondary sources  Those providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, book  reviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors or  writers and their works, etc Secondary sources will inform most of your writing  in college You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,  but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use and  will help you interpret those primary sources To use theme well, however, you  need to think critically them There are two parts of a source that you need to  analyze: the text itself and the argument within the text  D: Web sources  The sources or information from websites Web serves as an excellent  resource for your materials However, you need to select and evaluate Web  sources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control You  may start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc It’s a  good idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in its  own way When using websites for information, be sure to take care for the  authorship and sponsorship If they are both unclear, be critical when you use  information The currency of website information should also be taken into  account Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose  IV Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literature review  A Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sources  If you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work and  the other the work itself, choose the work itself Never attempt to write a paper  on a topic without reading the original source  B Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesis  Remember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments  Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis  C Choosing sources that cover the topic in depth  Probably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention William  Littlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topic  in depth Choose those  D Choosing sources written by acknowledged experts  If you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist on  Task-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,  Choose the article by the expert  E Choosing the most current sources  If your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in a  scientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information If all the  books on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information in  periodicals  V Writing a literature Review  A When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:  1 The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem  2 The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem  3 The major findings in the area, by whom and when  4 The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why  5 Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies  6 Criticism of the work in the area  B When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:  1 Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis  2 Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can  C Some tips for writing the review:  1 Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic  2 Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the most  related references last  3 Conclude your review with a brief summary  4 Start writing your review early  VI 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和 注意事项  英文文献主要部分细节提示:  引言(Introduction)  引言是文献综述正文的开始部分,主要包括两个内容:一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围  和内容。提出问题时,作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和  分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的;介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时,作者应使用简明扼要  的语句加以概括。  引言的内容和结构具有以下特点:  (1)综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和  范围;  (2)使用一般现在时介绍背景知识,使用现在完成时叙述他人成果,使用一般将来时或一  般现在时简介本文内容;  (3) 句子 结构力求简洁明了,多用简单句,并列成份较为常见;  (4)以第三人称主语为主,间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。  述评(Review)  述评是文献综述的核心所在,是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围,  作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析,在此基础上列出与主题有关的  所有重要学术观点,然后分别加以论述,以便读者获得全面的了解。回顾前人研究,以时间  为序,由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能,叙前人研究,议其结果、探其原因、  究其不足。  分析评论,特别是表达作者自己的观点时,要客观、谨慎,因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测  的语言形式。  综述的结论(Conclusion)  结论不仅是作者对全文的总结,也是作者发表个人 意见 的部分,一般有标题Conclusion 或  Summary,较短的综述如果没有小标题,则往往有As mentioned above,To sum up,To  conclude,Inshort,In all 等 短语 引出结论。结论的内容包括:对述评的归纳、对各种问  题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。  二注意事项  ⒈搜集文献应尽量全面。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提,否则,随便搜集一 点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的文献综述,甚至写出的文章根本不成为综述。  ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的 文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和 科学性较好的文献。  ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清 作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容。  ⒋参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略,但文献综述绝对不能省略,而 且应是文中引用过的,能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。  5文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。  6文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。  7 文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。  8 文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。  VII A Sample of Literature Review  A Study of Chinese Vogue Expressions and Translations  Although we can see the obtained achievements in researching on Chinese vogue expressions, papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese vogue expressions are scarce and rare, not to mention the discussion of translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese vogue expressions, which is a great regret in the field of vogue expressions Few representative papers on Chinese vogue expressions translation are listed as follows: A Study of Shooting Star Language Translation(Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005:92~94); Cultural Reflection on Vogue Word s Translation (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51); The optimization of “Zero Translation” in Translating Vogue Words (Shi Rui, 2010:102~105)  Hence, the numbers of researches on contemporary Chinese vogue expressions translation are expected to be increased and the comprehensive and detailed researches on this field are also expected to appear Since 1990s, scholars have already paid attention to Chinese vogue expressions, but the research at that time is still in the stage of tentative exploration Some representative papers are: City Buzzwords and Social-Cultural Analysis (Sun Manjun,1996:101~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords in the current society facing transformation as well as the relation between buzzwords and background of social culture and psychological changes of urban people; Metaphorically Semantic Generalization of Vogue Expressions (Liu Dawei,1997:35 ~ 38) talks about the semantic generalization of metaphors of vogue expressions; Study on Creativity and Homoplasy of Language from Vogue Expressions (Xia Lihong, 1999:16~18) treats the development process of vogue expressions from the characteristics of creativity  and homoplasy, believing that vogue expressions are originally the “creativity” used in a certain range, and finally surpass the original range of use because of the interaction among people and the homoplasy of aesthetic interests Due to the characteristics of timeliness, periodicity and randomness, some vogue expressions can not be included in common dictionaries, therefore, language scholars carried out the work of compiling vogue expressions dictionaries, such as Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Vogue Expressions (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992), andBeijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992)  After entering 21st century, increasingly great number of Chinese vogue expressions emerges and penetrates into different aspects of social life; accordingly, related researches on Chinese vogue expressions become comparatively richer Researching on Chinese vogue expressions has already become the hot topic of linguistic and cultural circles The Linguistic will contribute to the filed of Chinese vogue expressions and make references forothers who are interested in contemporary Chinese vogue expressions and their Translations  References  [1] Blackmore S The Meme Machine Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999  [2] Collins COBUILD English-Chinese Learner’s Dictionary Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2007 226  [3] Einar, H The Analysis of linguistic Borrowing Language, 1950 (26):210~231  [4] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004283  [5] Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary Beijing:  Merriam-Webster, 2009 223  [6] New York Times, Jul 4, 2010  [7] Nord, Christiane Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functional Approach Explained Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001  [8] Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009 268  [9] Romaine, Suzanne Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994  [10]陈原 社会语言学 北京:商务印书馆,2000  [11]陈原 新词语 北京: 语文 出版社,2000:1  [12]丁加勇 论流行语语义的不确定性及其发展前景 华中 科技 大学学报,  2004,(6):160~164  [13]郭 熙,中国社会语言学 南京:南京大学出版社, 1999151  [14]韩李 当代汉语流行语探析 河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,  (3):181  [15]黄平飞 浅论流行语——透过央视春晚来看流行语科教文汇(下旬刊),  2009,(3):237  [16]姜红 试论 当代中国 的社会流行语 安徽农业大学学报(社会科学版),  2005,(11):108~112  [17]劲松流行语新探语文建设,1999,(3):22~26  [18]李娜 近十年流行语研究述评 鞍山师范学院学报,2007-06,9(3):35~[39]赵丽薇,袁  晓雪 流行语的运用方式及使用规范探究——以春晚语言类节目  为例 调查与研究,2010,(8): 15~16  References  李丽君 英语 学术论文 及 留学 文书写作[M] 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2002 田贵森, 段晓英英语专业 毕业 论文写作 教程[M] 北京: 北京理工大学出版社  2006  刘振聪 英语学术论文写作[M] 北京: 中国人民大学出版社 2009

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